Inequality and Education

Inequality and Education Brenda A Mota Adams City High School Inequality and Education has been such a big problem for many Americans around the United States. Many have written about and talked about the situation, but nobody has come up with a solution for it. There has been a shrinking of inequality between racial groups from 1970-1988, but since then the gap has grown again. Too many of American’s disadvantaged children grow up without the skills needed to thrive in the twenty-first century. Educational inequality is due to social and family background.Inequality and Education has become one of the most important political and social issues in the United States. During the last three decades the gap between the educational attainments of children raised in rich and poor families has widened dramatically. Also according to the most recent census report, about one-quarter of children under the age of 6 live in poverty. With Inequality and Education, many problems follow it. The situation is a puzzle† no one has the slightest idea what will work†. (Sabrina Taverns, 2012, paragraph 21).Their seems to be no solution to help fix this. It we may take a while to fix this problem but if we all come together we can probably all come up with a great solution that can work. According to Laura D’ Andrea Tyson, â€Å"’A mind is a terrible thing to waste†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. (2012, paragraph 21). So we should all be able to appreciate and be given an opportunity. Now there’s not that many solution to this problem. According to Sabrina Taverns,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the pattern of privileged families today in intensive cultivation†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. 2012, paragraph 12). One solution could be to get more poor and middle class people into education. Education can be a solution to inequality. More education would also benefit those in more in need. Professor Reardon says that â€Å"with income declines more severe in the lower brackets there’ s a good chance the recession may widened the gap†. (Sabrina Taverns, 2012, paragraph 7). The American value is that each individual should have the opportunity to realize his or her potential.So if we gave more children the opportunity to get some education it would benefit us all because this inequality in education problem would get a solution. All in all, Income inequality and education may take a while to fix but by getting more children their education and finding their potential that can help a little. Everyone has potential to become someone in life and get education it doesn’t matter what race or age you are. It shouldn’t even matter your family income.

Communication Opinion

Kevin Molder Imagine a world with no communication. No way to express feelings of anger or Joy, no longer waving goodbye as someone leaves, communicating via email, text or pen never existed. The mere thought is absurd. Communicating is key to success in most any situation, whether it is in the work place, personal life or everyday tasks. The basic elements of communication and how they differ from the basic rules of healthcare communication are covered in this paper.Cultural differences and how hey influence communication, as well as how healthcare providers might encourage their patients to be more open and honest about their health will be covered first. The integration of cultural societies has come to be . In cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angels, an individual using public transportation is going to encounter people from different cultural backgrounds. With such a diverse society, how is communication influenced?Having the same cultural beliefs does not necessarily m ean any two people will react the same in situations (Goanna, 2011). Generalizations an provide clues on what one might encounter and the way communication will be affected (Goanna, 2011). Examples of three generalizations: Cultures are either high- context or low context. The choice of medium used to communicate may have cultural undertones. The United States for instance, favors electronic and written technology while Japan prefers oral or face-to-face communication (Goanna, 2011). Next, cultures are either sequential or synchronicity.If a culture thinks of time sequential-as a linear commodity to spend, save, or waste, whereas asynchronously-as constant flow to be experienced in the moment as a force that cannot be controlled or contained (Goanna, 2011). German and Swedish cultures give full attention to one task at a time, but other parts of the world multi-tasking is the norm (Goanna, 2011). Last, cultures are either affective or neutral. A great example of an affective cultura l is Italian. They tend to be very passionate and readily show their emotions. The Dutch are more of a neutral culture-very controlled with emotions and do not telegraph them (Goanna, 2011).Communication among healthcare providers and patient is imperative. Many times an individual is embarrassed to revel symptoms or past medical history in fear they might be rejected or Judged. The thought of another patient getting a glimpse of their medical chart is reason to withhold information or perhaps the medication prescribed makes them feel strange or sick? No matter their reasoning, holding back pertinent information could be costly and in worst cases deadly. There are a plethora of ways healthcare providers can ease the minds of individuals and ensure the line of communication between them stays open and honest.Patients want to believe their healthcare provider truly cares for their well- being. Verbal and non-verbal communication helps providers express interest and concerns to patient s. Making eye contact, listening and questioning with thought, demonstrating understanding and compassion are examples of verbal and non- verbal communication. Bridging any social gap that may be present will help establish open communication between provider and patient. Viewing the relationship as a partnership in which each party contributes to maximize the outcome is an essential element in provider/patient relationships.The choice of words a provider uses can affect the line of communication between them and their patients a great deal. If an individual has no knowledge of the medical terms a physician is using they may become embarrassed by it and not ask the proper questions or pretend to know what is being said. Effective communication relies on five basic elements, the sender, the receiver, the medium, the channel, and the feedback. The sender initiates the communication. Verbal and non-verbal techniques are used to properly convey the message and the sender should have an understanding of who is receiving the message.The party in which the sender is transmitting communication is the receiver. To correctly absorb the message the receiver should listen carefully and not get distracted. The medium is most important of the five elements. It can come in many different forms and is what the receiver is trying to communicate to the receiver. The channel is how the communication is being sent, whether it is mail, text, email or oral. Finally, the feedback describes the receiver's response or reaction to the sender's message.Feedback may come from skiing questions, body language or facial expressions. Health care communication differs from basic communication because patient care becomes a factor. Peoples confidentially and concerns need to be taken into consideration. How the individual receives and interprets messages and information. The family member's reaction is important as well. Co-workers need to make sure they are not open with private information. In conclusion, culture differences can be bridged in communication if the sender and receiver are aware of how each party communicates.

Damage That Has Been Done to Children of Divorce Essay

When a marriage is not working, there is a breakdown of communication, common goals, or trust, and often this ends in divorce. A divorce is a very painful process with detrimental effects on children that are involved (Wienstock 5). The general trauma of a divorce and the level of severity it has on a child are mainly due to the child’s age when a divorce takes place. The psychological effects are normally considered long term and the hardest to deal with for children involved (Persons 1). The easiest of all effects of a divorce is a child is behavior outburst normally displaying aggression and a feeling of not caring about anything or anyone anymore. The general effects of a divorce can affect everyone involved, but often the children will show the stress and emotions of a divorce more openly that an adult would. The fear of abandonment and losing one of the parents is devastating on a child (Wienstock 3). How a children perceives their homes normally sets the level of damage children are going to have to cope with through out the divorce and thereafter. If a child perceives the home as stable, they may handle a divorce well, but if a child perceives a home as freighting and scary place, they may try to avoid dealing with it at all. The trauma that a child endures will probably be worse than a child in a stable household environment. The most important issue that affects the level of perception and a level of damage is the age of a child when the parents divorce (Wienstock 3). Younger children will normally take a divorce of their parents more personally and handle it worse than an older child would. The psychological effects are more categorized as long-term effect that leave the children feeling responsible and blaming themselves for the guilt of a divorce everyone going through. Most children exercise a sense of loss during a divorce that can only be compared to as lost of a loved one (Children of Divorce 4). Feeling of rejections and loneliness normally confuses a child to the point of depression and some times suicide. The struggle as a child try’s to keep in contact with the absent parent without  offending the parent that they are still are with becomes stressful and some times damaging to a young child (Wienstock 4). The deepest of all emotions is anger, and it is the easiest to recognize in older children that are coping with a divorce (Persons). The anger is normally turned toward both parents and sibling in the household (Wienstock 4 & 5). The behavior change in a child is almost immediate after the announcement of a divorce. The behavior outburst and disruption in a child’s life are signs that a child is having a hard time dealing with the idea of parents splitting up. Academic problems with school activities and grades and physical displays of anger are the first of behavior effects to be seen in a family that is falling apart (Wienstock 5). Older children and even younger children are turning to drugs and alcohol to cope with the emotional stress of losing one of the parents in the household . Girls tend to become sexual active with older partners, as they long to find a father like figure to replace the parent that is no longer a direct part of their lives (Wienstock 5). Boys tend to have shorter relationships refusing to get close for fear of being rejected again as they might have felt when their mother left them with his father as a child during a divorce. These children are just trying to find someone th at they feel will not abandoned them as they feel their parents have done to them. The painful process that is broken into stages is navigated by a child and adults alike that have been subject to a divorce. The loss of the other parent is compared by most specialists to a death of a loved one. In therapy, the psychological effects in children are normally over looked as a child grows up and into adults themselves. These children typically are found to have poor relationships and an unbalanced social life as they struggle to find where they belong in this world. The physical effects that affect everyone are the choices that children make while thinking that they will never survive the divorce. Drugs, alcohol, and the sexual behaviors of the older children are just a few effects that a divorce can have on the children. The poor decisions of the current generation to enter in to marriage lightly at such a young age, leaves our society open for a generation of emotion basket cases of parents to raise the our future  generations..

Risk Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk Assessment - Assignment Example Some of the many risks that are associated with information technology include, budgetary risk, program management risk, inventory risk, supply chain risk, investment risk, safety risk, legal liability risk, and security risk just to name a few. This paper will do a risk assessment of on a business scenario on citizen wellness proposed to a health care company. The paper will identify three threats and vulnerabilities that affect a citizen wellness program. Further, it will detail these threats and vulnerability extensively and how they apply to the business. Finally, the paper will specify countermeasures that the business can use to negate these threats and vulnerability. Specifically the paper will review the above through the following guidelines: NIST 800-30: Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems, NIST 800-53: Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations, NIST 800-39: Managing Risk from Information Systems: An Organizational Perspective and NIST 800-64: Security Considerations in the System Development Life Cycle. The background of the business scenario is as follows. A health care company would like to do a review on ACMEs security program, including its procedures, and security policies. The main aim for this review is to make sure that ACME Co. can provide an individualized citizen wellness programs to the health care company’s subscribers and that these customers can be authenticate whenever they desire to access the program. ACME Co. specializes in Web sites hosting both for public and private entities. An Information Technology manager of ACME Co. is assigned to work with the health care companys ISSO the idea being to create a detailed list of business needs for security for the health care company. The Chief Information Officer at ACME Co. also directs the IT manager to evaluate the existing ACME Co. enterprise architecture documents with the aim of identifying any additional

Electronic Surveillance of Employees Research Paper

Electronic Surveillance of Employees - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that to keep personal confidential information of a person intact and should not be disclosed to any other irrelevant person shall come under the purview of Privacy. The disclosure of such information may cause emotional distress to a person whose information is kept in confidence. In order to monitor the activities of a person or place to detect discreet activities through electronic devices like cameras, video cameras, tape recorders, microphones, and wiretaps come under the category of surveillance through electronic means. The identified instruments can be utilized in a competent court of law as evidence against violators. Multinational Corporations and corporations of repute use electronic surveillance system to ensure foolproof security and safety within their administrative jurisdiction. An employee can expect privacy at least in those places where hidden cameras or microphones are not fitted such as kitchen, dining room, washroom, s moking corner or petty stationary stores. Employees should know what is permissible and what is not permissible for them in accordance with employer’s privacy policy. Initially, the employer and the employee must have signed the document of the privacy policy to be complied in letter and spirit by the stakeholders. In fact, the employee has given the liberty or the rights to monitor his/her activities whether his/her activities are purely professional or personal. Non-compliance with privacy policy surely invites the displeasure of the management. In the United States of America, Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA) 1986 has given the rights to the employers to monitor job-related conversations of its employees. By virtue of this act, employers enjoy complete freedom to listen incoming and outgoing calls. It hardly takes a minute or two to decide whether the calls so received or dispatched are personal or job related. With this freedom employer can measure the employee ’s sincerity and integrity with the company besides his/her professional competence. The prerogative to differentiate the incoming and outgoing calls of employees still lies with the employer and not with the employee (Lyon, 1994). 2- In this modern age and time, one cannot deny the benefits of technological advancement to prevent any unpleasant situation. By dint of computer technology, it is easy to monitor the activities of any employee by the employer at his/her workplace even at a remote location. Many of the employers allow their employees to have an access on the social sites of Internet. To keep the company environment friendly, the employer should provide space at work place for a chat where one can not disturb him or their conversation may not come out of the space to invite others attention (Mishra & Crampton, 1998). This will definitely improve the performance of a company since unnecessary strictness on the employees may have an adverse impact on their job relate d activities. We cannot deny the fact that â€Å"Happy laborers work more†.  

My Happiest Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Happiest Day - Essay Example The opening ceremony was emphatic and exciting. One side of the stadium was full of Atletico Madrid fans while the other side Real Madrid fans were chanting and singing victory songs. Believe me; it was magnificent and gigantic especially because I was one of the fans present in that stadium. Once the referee blew the whistle, the high profile match commenced with hype. Real Madrid’s players were showing a lot of enthusiasm and gave the fantastic performance. Motivational slogans and songs from fans of the two teams were conspicuous. By the end of the first match, Atletico Madrid scored. For me, this was a sad moment but I still had nope that my team will emerge the winners. This was the only goal in the first halftime and the second half of the match. Real Madrid players had many chances to score, but ninety minutes erupted without a single goal. The referee extended the match by five more minutes and Real Madrid got a corner kick. I closed my eyes in hope that my team will s core and all I heard was the rumbling of the ground as thousands of fans celebrated the equalizing goal. Despite the fact that my eyes were shut, I shouted and celebrated with my fellow fans. My happiness was evident and felt as one of the happiest person in the world. It was evident that the match was going to have extra time. It was not only surprising but overwhelming because Real Madrid scored three more goals in twenty minutes. My favorite team was finally crowned as the Champion after twelve years.

World War I's Technological innovations and its impact on modern Essay

World War I's Technological innovations and its impact on modern warfare - Essay Example Nationalism among European countries combined with growing tension and rivalries due to industrialization has led military buildups throughout the continent. Nations became aware of their neighboring nations and in response to this tension, England, France, and Russia formed an alliance which they called "Triple Entente". This alliance was aligned in preparation against Germany who allied with Austria-Hungary. Such alliances divided Europe with strict guarded borders thus the onset of an impending World War became virtually impossible to avoid. The beginning of war in Europe started when in 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir of the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated. Serbia was suspected to be behind the killing. Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia but it was protected by its ally, Russia. Then Germany came to the rescue for the Austrian because they were the ally of Austrian-Hungary. Militaries from different countries came to the rescue for their respective allies and the conflict grew out of scale. In more than a month, Europe and its neighboring countries were engulfed in war. But the militaries of different nations were not perplexed. This is because each of them has their own weaponries and technology to defend themselves. British Admiral Jacky Fisher wrote in 1915 that, "The war is going to be won by inventions." Weapons never been seen before such as tanks, the zeppelin, poison gas, the airplane, the submarine, and the machine gun has nevertheless fired their way through. World War I suddenly drew upon electrical technologies that had been under development for decades. Radio has become essential for communications and its transmission of voice was developed rather than codes. Electricity also contributed on the advancement of war. Battleships or tanks, for example, did had electric signaling lamps, helm indicator, fire alarms, remote control for bulkhead doors and controlled whistles which all uses electricity. Guns and turrets and raised gun magazine ammunitions also uses electricity. Incandescent and carbon-arc searchlights became usable during nighttime navigation, long-range daytime and nighttime signaling illuminates enemy ships during night engagements. Some of the most technological advances World War I has innovated and created were meant for attack and defense. These were the following: Weapons of War: Submarines. Although they had been around for decades, submarines became powerful weapons and became potential threat to any ship that sailed in deep waters. Their torpedoes can sink any ship that would invade territorial waters and these ships have become every nation's weapons in the waters. But the use of submarines was without restrictions that in May 1915 German submarine torpedoed Lusitania, a non-combatant U.S. ship killing 1,195 people on board. From then on, allied ships and submarines were outfitted with sensitive microphones that could detect engine noise from enemy submarines and ships. They developed sonar, but its development came nearly during the end of war (Museum). Aeroplanes. Ten years before the eruption of World War I, the Wright brothers have just made a second flight of their first

Orange Business Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Orange Business Services - Essay Example This aspect of the business of the firm however may not truly align with the mission of the firm to be a global leader. In order to fulfill its mission, FT has to actually expand at the global level and branching out of EU region in order to be a truly global leader in integrated communication solutions. The above mission statement of the firm is also lacking in the sense it may fail to provide quantifiable direction for the firm to fulfill. Though it has set clearly outlined objectives for itself however, considering the mission statement only of the firm, it may seem that it fails to provoke any emotional association of the employees or other involved with the firm. It is highly desirable that a mission statement must be flexible and invoke the related degree of emotions in order to be aligned with the overall firm’s direction. The overall strategic goals and objectives of the firm are described in its strategic initiatives called Conquest which sets out its overall goals an d objectives for the period 2011-2015. The overall objectives are for medium period and are divided into two phases of adaptation and conquest. The first phase will identify the investments in the network growth opportunities and during the second phase, firm intended to return to sustained revenue and cash flow growth targets. The combination of both these objectives set the overall direction of the firm between 2011-2015. During the first phase, the firm has set specific quantifiable targets of achieving EBITDA as well as other financial measures in order to critically outline as to how much firm wants to progress in next five years. (Orange, 2010) The objectives of the firm are at least clear and quantifiable for the period which firm has set for itself to achieve the target. It is however, important to note that these goals and objectives are focused more on the existing markets of the firm. The overall focus is on the existing markets and as such the emphasis that the FT would like to become a global leader in the integrated communication may not be at least manifested into the overall goals of the firm. Firm seems to be focused on further penetrating into the markets in which it is operating and most of its focus is on the EU market which is also its traditional stronghold since years. Stakeholders Source: http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/10794/Project-Management-Part-2-Stakeholders The above is a typical, general grid for stakeholder analysis wherein both the high powered and low powered stakeholders are identified and based on their interests, organization actually deal with them. A stakeholder is one which can either be affected or affect the actions of the firm and based on this they can be either internal or external to the organization. Stakeholders are normally those individuals or organizations which are directly affected by the organization and its actions. It is also important to understand that individuals may also belong to different stake holder groups and their overall role may vary under different conditions. It is therefore critically important to know the expectations of different stakeholder groups even if they fall into different categories. Viewing the overall stakeholders of FT, it is clear that the firm has actually adapted a commercial approach to deal with its stakeholders. It is however, i

Bride of Frankenstein by James Whale Movie Review

Bride of Frankenstein by James Whale - Movie Review Example However, in spite of all these furious actions by the monster, several critics of the film find the monster to be a sympathetic figure and a reflective analysis of the character proves that the monster incorporates compassionate elements along with the apparent condemnable features. Bride of Frankenstein, unlike the original Frankenstein movie, depicts the story of the Shelley novel almost exactly and the monster in this film version has a compassionate appearance. "While in Frankenstein he was a murderous vengeful creature, the sequel presents a Monster the audience can sympathise with, thus bringing him much closer to Mary Shelley's original concept In one of them the Monster saves a girl from drowning and is 'rewarded' with being shot in the arm." (Bride of Frankenstein) There is a view that the monster does not deserve the kind of treatment it gets at the hands of the critics as there is nothing unnatural about the character.

PC Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PC Security - Essay Example McAfee is devoted to ensure our PC security as well as aimed to offer a variety of free McAfee tools to help us in our software development methodologies. In this scenario the web based platform of the McAfee security systems offers effective support and capability of using and downloading state-of-the-art technology based systems for the better management of security and privacy aspects. For this report I have selected three McAfee PC security management utilities for the overall analysis of PC security. These tools are available for the trial purpose: (McAfee, Inc.) BOPing v2.0 is a PC security scanner used for the network security and privacy issues scanning for the well-known Back Orifice application program. Additionally, BOPing is extremely quicker as compared to ping sweeper integrated in the actual user program. In addition, this is designed like an alert system that is aimed to inform fatalities that unknowingly encompass the Trojan on their PC. Moreover, it encompasses the capability to inform distinguish infected systems by transmitting them a BO message-box message straightly as of inside the running application (McAfee, Inc.2). Conficker Detection Tool 1.0.8 has been developed for checking the existence of the Conficker worm and recognizing that systems are previously infected. Additionally, this is a high quality tool for the overall assessment and examination of any possible outdoor attack or infection that could lead to possible effective management of security and privacy (McAfee, Inc.3). McAfee Spam Submission Tool 1.0 for Windows NT/9x is a free of cost utility that has been incorporated into Microsoft Outlook program. Additionally, McAfee Spam Submission is aimed to permit users to swiftly and simply transfer overlooked spam sections as well as hidden security hacking spam to McAfee Laboratories for analysis and proper action. Moreover, this is as well a high quality system for the

M&M PROJECT REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M&M PROJECT REPORT - Essay Example The last part is the quality control where testing if the ratio of candies in each bin are equal. The paper discusses methods, analysis and results of each part of the project (Larson & Farber 37). The report presents the statistical data from M&M investigation. Additionally, the paper contains mean of candies found in each bag. Testing was conducted to ensure that the set proportions are on target. Consequently, hypotheses were done to ascertain that the proportions are also on target. I collected three M&M 1.69 Oz PLAIN M&M candy bag. We counted each color of the candy bag and recorded the total information on a worksheet. The personal samples for the researchers were combined to come up with complete random samples. Each researcher purchased a 1.69Oz bag of plain M&M candy from different shops (Larson & Farber 66). The random sampling method used was to make sure each bag had an equal chance of being selected. Buying the 1.69Oz bags of plain M&M candy ensured a true sample of the bags. After buying the bags were emptied and the number of each candy color was recorded. The results were tabulated as one, in a worksheet. In this section of the project report, I calculated the proportion of samples for each product color. Additionally, I calculated the mean number of 69Oz bags of plain M&M candies (Larson & Farber 74). I created a Histogram for the candies per bag and summarized the number of calculating proportion. I also calculated the sample SD. Histogram’s explanation was also provided. I constructed a confidence level of 95% for the proportion of all colors. Additionally, I constructed the means’ confidence level. I also calculated the smallest sample size needed to calculate the confidence interval of 95% for blue candies having a margin error of 4% (Larson & Farber 73). Using the Confidence interval Science calculator at the link

The fall of the Iron curtain in the 1990s Essay Example for Free

The fall of the Iron curtain in the 1990s Essay The fall of the Iron curtain in the 1990s brought a close to a chapter in history that brought the world to the brink of global nuclear-armed conflict. However, at the dawn of the 21st century President George W. Bushs administration is poised to reopen that chapter by pursuing a unilateral defense posture that will only serve to modernize and expand current nuclear war fighting capabilities and break the taboo of nuclear non-use. This paper will argue that the failure of the United States to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) as well as the pursuit of a National Missile Defense (NMD) will lock the United States back into its Cold War security dilemma in which striving to increase security breeds more insecurity. CTBT Since the 1950s, opposition to nuclear testing has been spurred by concerns over its health and environmental effects and by testing being one of the more visible signs of the nuclear arms race. Most recently, in 1995-1996, massive worldwide criticism of French nuclear tests in the South Pacific, caused France to curtail its test program. Public opposition and the dangers of an arms race fueled by nuclear testing have lead governments to try to limit and stop nuclear testing for over 40 years. However, in 1999 the United States Senate refused to implement the CTBT, which would have put an end to nuclear weapons testing and development. The United States failure to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty guarantees a future end to the ten-year moratorium on testing. The events of September 11th and the subsequent war on terrorism have the Bush administration searching for new options on the battlefield. Recently the administration began studying options for the development and production of a small, low-yield nuclear weapon called a bunker-buster which would burrow into the ground to destroy buried hideaways of rogue leaders like Saddam Hussein or Osama Bin Laden. This pursuit not only guarantees no chance of the CTBT ever coming into law in the US but it also guarantees the breakdown in the firewall between conventional warfare and nuclear warfare. Using nuclear weapons in conventional warfare guarantees the escalation of conflict that would spiral out of control and only serve to hurt future arms reductions negotiations. The development of low yield nuclear weapons is also likely to spur a new arms race between the US and Russia because of an increased reliance on tactical nuclear weapons, in which the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction is no longer employed as deterrence but as procedure. 1 Therefore the United States effort to increase its security by developing weapons to defeat terrorists would only serve to escalate its own insecurity and showcase US military paranoia. The failure of the US to ratify the CTBT also makes it less likely that other states will enter into the treaty. Pakistan and India, known nuclear states that are the most likely to start a nuclear confrontation have long been waiting to see what the US is going to do on CTBT before they take a stance. The effect of the US ratifying the CTBT would be the equivalent of saying Gentlemen, start your engines. 2 Every government in the world that is considering the treaty would race to get the treaty to enter into force. If those countries were to continue on their current course of nuclear development it is likely that the Bush administration would have to uphold its doctrine that it is using against Iraq in order to prevent the spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction to terrorist organizations. Ratification of the CTBT would not only halt US weapons development at its current state but it would also help pave the way for eventual disarmament. The ratification of the CTBT would also help undermine the current security dilemma the United States is locked in to. NMD NMD first appeared under President Reagan in the early 1980s. It was popularly known as Star Wars because it was intended to be a space-based system for the reconnaissance and prompt in-flight destruction of long-range missiles fired at the US3. However, due to its complexity and cost, the Star Wars system was never built. However, anti-missile systems continue to be explored, as for example the Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle developed under President Clinton. 4 NMD represents an attempt to ensure that the US is forever safe from any kind of attack, especially from irrational rogue states armed with long-range missiles. It shows clearly that an interdependent world and globalisation bring with them a sense of insecurity. This sense of insecurity could be said to verge on paranoia, considering the disparity of forces between rogue states and the US. Indeed, as there is brought here, every threat is magnified under the lens of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and must be hedged against. Echoing President Clinton, British Prime Minister Tony Blair argued that in an interdependent world, extensive multilateralism was the only choice that could lead to true security from multiple, global threats. 5 However, President Bush seems to have chosen the opposite path by seeking to protect the US unilaterally, resulting in the logic of the Cold War arms race. NMD in particular, as it is a space-based defense system, seems particularly vulnerable to the logic of the arms race. Indeed, today only one in eight active orbiting satellites belong to the US military. 6 This proportion is set to decrease, as launching satellites into space continues to become more and more affordable to companies and smaller countries. Therefore, in the unilateralist logic, space-based weapons will also become increasingly available to possible enemies, presenting a new threat to US security that must be overcome by ever more expensive technological fixes. Furthermore, since i la carte multilateralism undermines the ABM Treaty, the arms race perspective becomes even more likely, as it contains the most explicit protections of satellites on the books. 7 The ABM Treaty effectively blocked the development of anti-missile defense systems,8 thus ensuring that any country launching a missile attack would be unable to defend itself from a retaliatory strike. Were this treaty to disappear, aggressive acts towards satellites, most probably by present or future rogue states, would only become more likely a self-fulfilling prophecy. This logic serves only to reiterate the fact that The basis of security is that it never works for just one. You have to have security for everyone or it fails. 9. That entering the arms race logic is the result of paranoia rather than realism is shown by the fact that the widening access to satellites to both businesses and countries could equally be seen as reinforcing the USs dominant position. Indeed, because of the USs undoubted technological advantage, it has developed many of the technologies which have become commonplace. For example, the Australian army relies on the American GPS system,10 and it is further woven into the fabric of daily life by being used by navigators in the worlds airlines and ships and even in ordinary peoples boats and cars. 11 Thus it is possible to say that the GPS system is universal and is no longer being tied to any particular territory. A more liberal approach than that taken by the Bush administration would suggest that overall, this diminishes the likelihood of an attack upon the satellites. Indeed By sharing GPS, no one feels so threatened to compete with it, and because of its widespread use any country that damaged it would provoke a global fury. 12 US insecurity is further demonstrated by frequent inversions of its actual military posture. Hence, the US is often represented as a weak military nation, despite its crushing military superiority. For example, Condoleeza Rice, President Bushs national security advisor, claimed during President Clintons tenure that US soldiers had been turned into social workers, and that the armed forces as a whole were as weak as in 1940. 13 The current Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld spoke of the increasing vulnerability of the US, and evoked images of a space-based Pearl Harbor early on in President Bushs tenure. 14 This constant fear of vulnerability is mirrored in academic circles. Kagan states that the defense budget needs to be increased rapidly, by as much as $50-100 billion per year. 15 As a budgetary recommendation, this figure seems fanciful, considering the combination of a slowing US economy, the $1. 35 trillion tax cut promoted by President Bush and the difficulty of pushing a far more modest budget increase through Congress this past budgetary session. However unrealistic, it does serve to reflect the condition of institutionalised paranoia. Insecurity is clearly shown when the US, by far the worlds leading military power in terms of budget, technology, logistics and training, is portrayed as being highly vulnerable to people such as Osama Bin Laden,16 the alleged terrorist. Rather, the US is creating the conditions of its own insecurity. Indeed, the combination of i la carte multilateralism, dreams of Full Spectrum Dominance and the idiosyncratic branding of certain states as rogues can only serve to antagonize friends and foes alike. Rather than defusing possible threats at the source, President Bushs policies seem more likely to provoke attack. Of course, any attack would be taken as a justification of these policies, feeding into a vicious circle of insecurity resolved through the deification of technology and the abandonment of the human contact represented by treaty negotiation. In Der Derians words, President Bush symbolizes the leader who has given up on peace on earth and now [seeks] peace of mind through the worship of new techno-deities. 17 Rumsfelds drive to reform the military on the basis of NMD and other space-based technologies implies deep and risky reductions in conventional forces, such as cuts in the number of Army divisions, Navy aircraft carriers and Air Force fighter wings. 18 This further reinforces the fact that techno-strategy is supplanting humanity in security considerations. The search for unilateral absolute security, especially through technology and unilateralism, is a form of the necessarily doomed search for a single power or sovereign truth that can dispel or control the insecurities, indeterminacies, and ambiguities that make up international relations. 19 The negative consequences of smart warfare are one instance of the risks of President Bushs logic. It is clear that if the United States continues to pursue its misguided foreign policy the world will soon witness a new wave of arms races and decreased securitization. Only by pursuing confidence building, regime oriented measures can the United States help avert the next Cold War. Ratification of the CTBT and ending the pursuit of a National Missile Defense seem to be the first steps in the process toward paving the way into the 21st century. The United States can either sit back a not take on its role as a champion of the free world or it can take a proactive stance in stomping out the possibility of a renewed arms race and break out of its Cold War security dilemma. 1 Alexander, B. and Millar, A. (www. fourthfreedom. org/php/print. php? hinc=DefenseNewstnw. hinc) July 11, 2001 2 Kuchta, A. Dickinson Journal of International Law A Closer Look: The US Senates Failure to Ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 19 Dick. J. Intl L. 333. 3 http://www. nuclearfiles. org/chron/80/1980s. html 4 http://www. msnbc. com/news/845497. asp? 0cv=TB10 5 Blair, T. , Doctrine of the International Community, speech delivered in Chicago, 23 April, 1999, http://www. number-10.gov. uk.

Energy Losses in Pipes

Energy Losses in Pipes ABSTRACT The objective of this lab is to associate the loss of energy in a hydraulic system with the geometry of the pipe, that contains the fluid, while it is being transported from one location to another. Special considerations were given to major and minor energy losses. Friction was taken and treated as a major loss with respect to energy, while other factors such as expansions, contractions, pipe bends, pipe fittings and obstructions were considered as minor energy losses. The design of any hydraulic systems is governed by the understanding of these relations, and this experiment is carried out with the intention proving that there is a loss of energy specifically related to these factors. [4] The DMXL Base Unit  ® in accordance with the DLM-6  ® cartridge were used to perform the experiment, using water as the medium of choice. The cartridges pressure transducers recorded the pressure differences at three locations of interest. The locations included a straight pipe secti on, a smooth 90 ° bend, and a sharp 90 ° right angle turn. For proper comparison, these results were all at the same length, of 70 mm. A total of 20 data points were tabulated, and used to calculate the loss of energy coefficients and head loss, for of all three sections. The results showed that there was a greater loss of energy with the sharp 90 ° right angle, followed by the smooth 90 ° bend and finally, the straight section had the least amount of energy loss. According to the principles of fluid mechanics, the assumption is that the highest loss of energy would correspond to the sharp 90 ° right angle bend. The results reinforced that assumption. INTRODUCTION In almost all hydraulic systems, it can be observed that there are energy losses with respect to friction and geometrical changes. The friction loss in pipes is due to the influence of the fluids viscosity near the surface of the surrounding pipe. The energy losses due to pressure changes can be seen in every part of a hydraulic system due to the expansions, contractions, bends in pipes, pipe fittings, and obstructions in the pipes. [2] This loss of energy is then transferred as heat. Frictional losses in pipework are related to: Velocity of flow Roughness of pipe surface Length of pipe Cross-sectional area of pipe Viscosity of fluid Number of pipe bends The complete acceptable pressure drop of the hydraulic system must be picked with care, as the power loss is a result of the pressure drop and system flow rate. There is an efficiency loss that must be adjusted for the cost of bigger fittings and hoses and pipework. The energy of no use is disseminated as heat energy in oil, which may prompt to cooling issues and condensing of the oil life. [1] Pressure losses in pipework will rely on the fluid flow condition. There are three particular fluid flow conditions: Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Transition Flow As it can be seen in Figure 1, Laminar stream is the condition when the liquid particles travel easily in straight lines, the internal most liquid layer goes at the most elevated speed and the external most layer at the pipe surface doesnt move. [2] Figure 1. Laminar Flow [2] Turbulent flow has unusual and disorderly liquid molecule movements, to such an extent that a comprehensive blending of the fluid happens, as appeared in Figure 2. A turbulent flow is generally not attractive, as the flow resistance increments and in this way the hydraulic losses increment. [3] Figure 2. Turbulent Flow [3] As shown in Figure 3, with turbulence in the focal point of the pipe, and laminar flow close to the edges, the transactional flow can be seen that it is a blend of the turbulent and laminar flow. [2] Figure 3. Transitional Flow [2] Inside a pipe system, there are two sorts of losses. The first is a Major Loss and comprises of the head losses because of viscous impacts in straight fragments of pipe in the system. [5] Which is referred to as h_(L major) and the equation follows as: (1) The second sort is a Minor Loss and is a form of losses produced inside segments of the pipe system other than the straight pipes themselves. [5] Which is referred to as h_ (L minor) and the equation follows as: (2) The equation for head loss at a sudden expansion can be written as: (3) And expression for the head loss at a sudden contraction is as: (4) The head loss due to a bend can be shown by the expression as: (5) METHODOLOGY Equipment and Materials List: For the experiment, we used the Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base Unit  ®. The DLMX is a teaching equipment that can be presented as one of the absolute best designed educating device that is utilized to teach students from various different subjects like Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer. The equipment includes a small battery operated, base unit, into which has one of the seven different cartridges is plugged. [3] The base unit contains: Viewing panel Water reservoir Pump Controls Experimental Apparatus: According to the General Operating Instructions from the provided lab manual, the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems)  ® was installed as shown below in Figure 4, with a filled Base Unit and powered on. The flow rate was adjusted using the knob on the Base Unit. The flow rate and corresponding differential pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections appeared on the output screen. Figure 4. DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) [3] The cartridges have the particular instrumentation required for the specific demonstration and contain an experimental representation of the topic. The base unit involves a round, clear acrylic water reservoir, mounted on a powerful vacuum shaped ABS plastic plinth, shown below in Figure (#). Under the plinth is a pump with a variable speed control, battery, flow meter, the electrical control hardware, and level sensor [6]. Figure (5) Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems cartridge on DLMX Base Unit [3] Experimental Procedure: To commensurate our lab, we referred to Filling Pressure Transducer Tubes section as we powered on the machine. We then installed the DLM-6 cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems)  ® into the Base Unit filled with water and ensured that all pressure readings are at zero flow rate. We can read the flow rate and pressure drop at that moment is given if we scrolled down on the display on the machine. Next, we checked for the possible maximum flow rate. From there we were able to get an estimate of the increment differences needed for each reading. The flow rate was set to ~ 1 L/min and increased in approximately equal increments until the maximum flow rate was achieved. And then the pressure drop was obtained and recorded. Steps were repeated until Experimental DLMX  ® data table is completed. RESULTS Table 1 shows the data points recorded from different runs of fluid flowing through ΆP Straight, ΆP Smooth, and ΆP RA Bend. Table 1. Data points recorded from the experiment. Dimension Constants: Square pipe width = 4 mm Smooth bend radius = 8 mm (to channel center) Distance between pressure taps: Straight section: 70 mm Smooth bend section: 70 mm Sharp bend section: 70 Ç‚RA = right angle bend Velocity: In Table 2, we found the Velocity by using the equation of Flow rate, Area: (area = 0.004*0.004 =0.000016 m2); Q: Flow rate (6) Table 2. Velocity obtained from different runs. Headloss: Head loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipe are shown below in Table 3: We used Pascals Law to calculate the loss coefficient. This can be found by using equation of: HL = (7) Table 3. Head loss for straight, smooth and right angle pipe Loss Coefficient: K smooth =289.30, k RA= 267.48, f Straight= 1.461*10^-4, As we know that hydraulic diameter, (8) (9) therefore, The values below are derived from basic equation of Head loss, HL = {This same equation is used for straight pipes} {This same equation is used for smooth and RA pipes} In the above equations f and K are the loss coefficients. Loss coefficients for straight, smooth and right angle pipes are shown below: Table 4. Loss coefficients of Straight, Smooth, and RA Bend Pipe. DISCUSSION In order to obtain the pressure difference in a circular pipe it is possible to reduce the energy equation as follows. (10) (11) Where, à ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ­ = Density of fluid, g = gravity, h = height, P = pressure, V = average velocity, z = elevation and This reduction is applicable when the cross-sectional area as well as the elevation are equal. For circular channels, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation below. (12) Where, f = Stanton friction factor, L = length of circular channel, D = diameter, V = average velocity and g = gravity. In contrast to circular channels, the energy equation can also be used to obtain the pressure difference in noncircular channels as follows. (13) However, in noncircular channels, the head loss due to flow can be obtained using the equation (14) Where, (15) Moreover, the friction factor for non-circular channels is a function of the roughness factor divided by the hydraulic radius and the Reynolds number. (16) For noncircular channels, the Reynolds number is also calculated using the hydraulic diameter as follows. (17) It is possible to measure pressure losses arising from fittings to the piping system using the DLMX fluid mechanics cartridge fitted with differential pressure transducers that connected to pressure taps which registers the difference in pressure related to the flow. The pressure difference can be evaluated using the energy equation that includes major friction losses due to fittings on the piping system as follows. (18) For the cartridge, the energy balance equation begins as follows below. (19) Considering the cartridge as a closed system the energy balance equation reduces as follows below. (20) Physically, represents the pressure losses per unit mass of water in the cartridge. On the other hand, represents the differences in pressure at the three points of interest associated with flow. The hierarchy of pressure difference starting from the least pressure difference to the highest is as follows below. The pressure drop at the right-angled bend can be calculated using from the energy balance equation below. (21) Because there is no change in diameter throughout the length of the bend, no change in elevation, as well as no change in elevation, the energy balance equation reduces to. (22) The loss coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient derived from dividing the head loss by as follows below. (23) Therefore, Finally, to calculate the required pressure losses in the bend the equation above reduces as follows below. (24) At the straight portion of the pipe, the pressure drop equation reduces as follows below. (25) Where f=the friction coefficient, D=diameter of the pipe and L= the length of the pipe. In order to find the length of straight pipe that would be sufficient to generate the same amount of pressure drop at the right-angled bend the pressure drops have to be made equal as follows below. (26) The length of the pipe then reduces to the formula below. (27) It is possible to determine the loss coefficient graphically from the experimental values by creating a graph of the head loss vs dynamic head. (28) Where and = dynamic head, the loss coefficient Figure 6. Head loss vs Dynamic Head CONCLUSION The goals of this lab was to measure the head losses through straight, smooth, and sharp- bend pipe fittings and then use these measurements to estimate the loss of energy coefficients for each transition or fitting. For the experiment, the DML-6  ® cartridge (Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems) was used with the DLMX Base Unit  ®, using water as the fluid of choice. The flow rate and corresponding differential pressure readings across the straight pipe, smooth bend and sharp bend sections were all recorded. A total of 20 data points were collected. The collected datas were used to calculate the head losses and loss of energy coefficients for all three sections. The results show that the pressure difference in the right-angle bend is higher than smooth bend, and pressure difference in smooth is higher than the straight bend pipes. Also, the average head loss of a right-angle pipe, 1.633, is certainly higher than average head loss of the smooth, 2.144, and straight, 1.63 3. Furthermore, the average loss coefficient of right angle pipe, 16.84078, was also higher than smooth, 10.988725, and straight, 0.13513, pipes. Uncertainty analysis indicate that one possible source of error came from the pressure readings. The pressure readings at the reference point for each component and each flow was some value greater than zero, but the problem with this was that all the reference point readings should have been zero regardless of the set up. The reason for this difference is still unknown, however the doubt is that there was a problem with the machines manometer. The lesson learned with this experiment was the energy losses in pipes due to different fittings. The experiment was quite interesting, yet this hands-on approach lesson will help us succeed in the real engineering world as well. REFERENCES [1] Bruce Roy, Munson, T. H. Okiishi and Donald F. Young. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons, 2009. [2] Smith, W.F., Turbulent and Laminar Flow in Pipes, with the Particular Reference to the Transition between the Straight, Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Inst. Civ. Eng. Lond., vol.11, pp. 148-178, 1979-78. [3] DLMX Base Unit and DLM-6 Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems. (2017, February 28). Retrieved from http://discoverarmfield.com/en/products/view/dlmx/desktop-learning-modules [3] Hibbeler, R. C. 10.2 Losses Occurring from Pipe Fittings and Laminar, Turbulent, and Transitions. Fluid Mechanics. N.p.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015. 578-46. Print. [4] Fluid Flow through between Pipes. Pump-House, University of South Carolina, Columbia (2007): n. pag. Web. http://www.cs.cdu.edu.au/home-page/jayitroy/eng477/sect10.pdf pg. 47 [5] Head Loss Coefficients of Major and Minor. Vano Engineering. N.p., 13 Dec. 2014. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. [6] Shukla. S.K., Indian Journal of Applied Research, of various different flow rates, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 313-377, April. 2015. [7] Donald, James C., M. F. Sherif, and V. P. Kumar. 8.4 Minor and Major Losses in Pipes. Elementary Hydraulics. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2004. 257-78. Print. [8] John Ray, W.F., 1947, Turbulent Flow in Pipes with Particular reference to the Transition Region between the Smooth and Rough Pipe Laws, J. Institution. of Civil Engr Dept., I7, pp 178-167. APPENDIX A We learned how different pipe fittings results in energy losses in pipes. Although it was quite difficult to do all the calculations, plus the presence of uncertainty created a doubt on the result, our team found this lab very interesting. The results were also close to the expected outcome. APPENDIX B Names Tasks Hours Rigoberto Aguilera Maaz Khan Esther Ndichu Trang Pham Prabhjit Singh APPENDIX C It should be noted that when using Bernoullis equation, one must take into consideration the height of a pipe. The data that was used in the calculations was processed without that consideration. The manufacturer of the unit explains that the pressure transducers inside the DLM-6  ® cartridge do not measure hydrostatic pressures between the taps, when the tubes are filled with water. As it can be seen in the image below the device is filled with water, but the water is not in motion. The levels of the manometer tubes are the same, regardless of the vertical setup. With the same concept in mind, it is clear to see that the pressure transducers will also fail to measure any pressure change with respect to gravity.

The Global Issue Of Terrorism Can Technology Help Criminology Essay

The Global Issue Of Terrorism Can Technology Help Criminology Essay Human is facing many global issues nowadays, however the issues of terrorism is already evolved and become one of a serious issue that has been patient by the whole world. The statistical data shows that terrorism slowly grows up around us and occurs more and more. For example, the infamous incident had happened recently is 911case in US, it has brought out a huge damage, not only affect their economy but also affect civilian life there. Therefore, it was also involved and crashed the global economy thus bring panic to the worldwide. As a result, terrorism means extremist stand for theirs own view and unstopped making incident attack. The four characteristics of the terrorism are: the threat or use of violence, a political objective; the desire to change the status quo, the intention to spread fear by committing spectacular public acts and the intentional targeting the civilians. The problems that terrorism has caused in the world today are world chaos, terrified of people, economic depression and other more. In conclusion, this research paper addresses the issue of terrorism in order to find out if todays technology can help to prevent terrorism. It looks at the type of terrorism, the causes of terrorism, ways to prevent terrorism through the use of technology. Chapter2 Literature Review According to this website http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8552323/ , this article talked about the technology for preventing terrorism in the future such likes smoke-detector, human vigilance and bomb-sniffing dogs. They can detect bombs and chemical and biological weapons. This site http://www.meteck.org/causesTerrorism.html , it talked about the causes of terrorism for example: nationalism/separatism, globalisation, (non) democracy and religion. These causes are considered as the main by this website. In this site http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/intlterror.html , the data shows that the terrorism happened from year 1968 to year 2007 keep rise and fall. That had make many people fatalities and injuries. According on the book of Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, there has many information probes into the type of terrorism, classification of terrorist groups, new players and changing motivations of terrorists and impact of technology on contemporary terrorism and the future threats of weapons of mass destruction and cyber-terrorism. According to New Straits times According newspaper, on 2009/12/11, Indonesia had invented a new type of defence installations called new anti-terror body. It can rooting out terrorists and routing their cells remain its key tasks, the new agency will put greater emphasis on prevention. This will include rehabilitating detained terrorists so that they do not return to their old ways after leaving prison, and clamping down on religious radicalism Chapter3 Methodology For this assignment, most of the information we search from internet. From internet, we can know more things about terrorism. But we also put some our opinion in this assignment. We also get some information from books and newspapers to more different things. Conversely, we decide to do interview question. Our interview question, we asked Taylors College student. Via interview question, we know the opinion of the student and give his knowledge about terrorism for us. Lastly, we also drew mind map for easier to start this assignment because we can know where to start from the mind map. Chapter4 Type of Terrorism State Terrorism An act of state terrorism is not difficult to identify. In the example of history record, the concept of terrorism has been bought to us by the French governments reign of terror in the first place. Briefly after the French monarch in 1793, there is an establishment of revolutionary dictatorship and it decided to root out anyone who might resisted the revolution. At the time, about tens of thousands of civilians have been killed as a variety of crimes. State terrorism is normally uses violence and spread fear to maintain their power, by the way, their main target is the innocent civilians. State terrorism always selected the public to regard as a negotiation to spread fear thus committing critical public acts. One of the characteristics might in a political objective, state terrorism wants to change the status quo desirously. In the addition, state terrorism just similar a civilian so that they are omnipresent and menaced to the public seriously. Bioterrorism Bioterrorism have always to use germs and disease as weapons. Bioterrorism are less in appearance and there are no recorded their attacks. However, the reported risk has been paid highly attention by the U.S. government to defense bioterrorism in the early part of the 21st century. Bioterrorism will be adopted to liberate toxic biological to harm the civilians. The viruses, bacteria and toxins have been sort out by the U.S. Center for Disease Control that could be used in attack. Eco-terrorism Eco-terrorism is describes that interests in hanging over of the environmentalism recently. In the main, these environmental extremists (eco-terrorism) made destruction on property to strike the development of economic on industries or they will harm the animal and to damage the natural environment thus benefit themselves. Some legal unit that permitted by the government, for example fur companies, deforestation and animal research laboratories was also included as eco-terrorism. Nuclear Terrorism Nuclear terrorism means a type of terrorists that to be adept in using nuclear materials by a number of different ways as their tactic. Nuclear terrorism is normally exploited any kind of radioactive materials just like attacking nuclear facilities, building nuclear weapons or purchasing nuclear weapons. These days we believe that terrorists might be able to purchase nuclear weapons on the black market easily. Therefore, its possible that the group of terrorists might be even to build a nuclear weapon themselves in the very soon future. Nar-co terrorism Nar-co terrorism had been started in the first place since 1983. Nar-co terrorism is a type of terrorists who indicate violence by using drug traffickers further to affect governments to interfere the drug trade. In the several years, nar-co terrorism even more defined their position toward how they use drug trafficking to fund their manipulation effectively. Cyber-terrorism Cyber-terrorism attack civilians by using information technology. Theres measure that they technically use information technology, such as telecommunications or computer systems as their tools to make desolation meticulously. More often, cyber-terrorism would disrupt network radically by their ways, to make the networks become paralyzed. For example, cyber-terrorism could crash the network security systems or hack into any networks to stole or destroy whatever information that they need. Cyber-terrorism is already become wide discussion because it was the most general threat that around the civilians and public. According to the interview questions that answered by most of the student of the Taylors university college considered roughly that the terrorism is an extreme activities which was intention to threat or behavior in violence to the public or civilians. They also said that terrorist is someone who is not balance in their psychology and they thought that terrorism will not only damage the economy but also menace our life. According to the result from interview question, there is about 87% students in Taylors University College were worried about terrorism. The terrorism happened including a lot of reasons. One of the causes is human issues. These consist of the below: Human Issues Environment issue: The environment issue shows that the terrorism happened cause of some of the undeveloped or developing countrys national feel that their live environmental not good as the others developed countries, so they go on the terrorism activities to attack the better environment countries. It has relevant with the psychology issue. Psychology issue: Those terrorists pass on the terrorism to release their social pressure. Most of them facilitating war and other terrorist atrocities by inhibition the more or less lifted entirely with a more subtle sense. They fight with social disobedience. In additional, they might support those who use more lethal violence. Besides that, some of the terrorists go on the terrorism not for fighting against the real enemies but only to the old psychological wounds from early childhood harm. They try to doing hurt to others to make reprisal. Others that, variously unbalanced psychology problem such like, envy also cause the terrorism happened. Education issue: Nowadays, education issue has been universally accepted by the whole world that mainly causes the terrorism. In some of the undeveloped countries, many of children been teaching to hold and use the weapon to attack with extremely mind and knowledge, especially Islamic countries. When those children grow up, they maybe will be influenced to become terrorists and go on the terrorism. Besides that, some of the high technology countries provide the data of the dangerous weapon manufacture. When these techniques been learning by those scheme people, it will only increase the dangerous of the world. Religion issue: It is also one of the causes of terrorism. There have a lot of the religion in this world such like Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other more. Among these religions, a small part of these religion ideology are extremely and exist dangerously. These extreme religions exists evil thought and disseminate spread heretical ideas. They teaching their followers and believer a lot of the extreme idea and instigate them to sacrifice themselves to gain the trust from the God. Besides that, the clashing among the religion made the terrorism unstopped happened. Race issue: There has been a lot of terrorism happened causes of the racial issue. In most of the countries, there got more than two race people live together, such like United State of America, Malaysia and other more. These made a lot of clashing within a country of different race or between 2 countries. Race clashing happened including many causes, like censure with each other, religion issue, the different life style and living standard and others. In addition, racial discrimination and rejection aggravate the problem Advantage issue: When two country happened benefit dispute or when a country envious another countrys flourishing and wealth, then the terrorism maybe happened. Besides that, the variety advantage clashing between two countries made the terrorism keep happened. Refer to the interview questions that answered by some students in Taylors University College who thought that terrorism will happen, the majority cause was come from the religion. The different intention of religions will be clashing thus cause fissure of different religions. Otherwise, they were not agreed that terrorism was the outcome of religious teaching because these purely are their private idea regardless of religious problem and he also thought that for the terrorists root cause roughly is their education and environment problem. Overall, they said that the incident attack which was happened in USA was came from Afghanistan because he believed that the USA government had attacked Afghanistan before with a reason that cannot be accepted by the whole world and make the citizen of Afghanistan became angrier to USA government and he thought that some of the citizen will try to revenge the USA government. Technology in the future Anti-terrorist truck U.S patent 4667565, Rapid response patrol and antiterrorist vehicle by Reg. A. Anderson. Issued May 26, 1987. The anti-terrorist truck exterior is actually not different with normal truck. There is a mechanical robot hide inside the anti-terrorist truck which is controlled by people. When the truck parked quietly at parking zone and terrorist walk past the truck unknowingly, the mechanical robot can be out of the truck roof and shot the terrorist with machine gun immediately. This technology can help terrorist defender to defend terrorist in a good way and the terrorist defender will not be hurt by terrorist because the terrorist defender is not inside the truck. Therefore, anti-terrorist truck also has a protection of terrorist defender. Airplane sleeping gas system U.S. patent 6499693, Aircraft to respond to threats, by Ariel S.Rogson. Issued Dec 31, 2002. We know that terrorists are almost breaking down the cockpit door successfully and burst into airplane. This is quite dangerous for passengers. This sleeping gas system is installed into the planes ventilation system. When pilot discovers terrorists makes confusing in the plane, the pilot can release the sleeping gas. After releasing sleeping gas, the terrorists and passengers are knocked unconscious. Then, pilot land the plane and let police arrest the terrorists. According to this case, this sleeping gas is just a hypnagogue and it will not harm people. People will wake up after one or two hour. Explosion Containment Net U.S. patent 6854374, Explosion containment net, by O. Alan Breazeake. Issued Feb 15, 2005.U.S. Terrorists can sacrifice their life to tie bomb on their body and let the boom explode. This may kill many people when the bomb explodes. Explosion containment net look like an umbrella, but it is actually a strong Kevlar net fired from a special gun to compress and prevent a bombs blast. Terrorist defender can use explosion containment net to suck the terrorist who tie bomb on their body. There is a tank is worn on the back of operator. The explosion containment net also contains a tube for providing fire suppressant agent. This net is not only can deal with terrorists but also a great way for fishing. Anti-terror Robot-MAC http://blogpipiatbingi.com/philippines-mac-anti-terror-robot/ MAC means Mechanical Anti-terrorist Concept. This is the first Philippines anti-terror robot dubbed as MAC is important and very much equipped in foiling bomb attacks in the metro. MAC is the first Pinoy-made bomb disposal robot. It is actually developed by students and engineering professors. The anti-terror robot is made of aluminums and fiberglass so it has a very strong exterior. It can be used for examining and recovering a suspected explosive away from public. It is a necessary for bomb disposal and disarmament. People can control it with wireless interface. Digital sharing data Fingerprint Scanner The advanced biometric technology with fingerprint scanner provides terrific functions, such as functions in window logon, Screen Saver Lock, Web Account, File Encryption and PC Lock. The fingerprint scanner also involves personal data security and whole the country does not be invaded. Hence, it can stop terrorists from entering a country hence the terrorists also cannot threaten. For example, in the airport generally installed this technology to prevent the terrorists to enter their country because large numbers of people pass through airport, so there will become the terrorists gathering place. Similarly, the larger number of people on the airport, so the potential high lethality rate of attacks from there. In fact, some of the public schools boards also have decided installing fingerprint scanners at all entrances is the best way to proceed as it can keep students safe in a system that is far behind the times in preventing terrorists attack them, such as it would go a long way to prevents school shooting, bomb threats etc. Conversely, terrorism is playing havoc with cyber cafe business, so the fingerprint scanner must be installed there it was responsible to introduce stringent rules regarding user information for record purpose. Disadvantage of fingerprint scanner is it cannot distinguish between a picture of a finger print and the finger itself and the sometimes the scanner can be fooled by a meld of a persons finger. On the other disadvantage is about civil securities because the criminal who are cutting off a persons finger to get access to a door. These deceptions are done to steal ones identity into secures system. As a result, a person who loses fingerprints identity then that person will never be able to use because it cannot be replaced their identity. Brain Scanning Regarding use of brain scanners must be regulated in order to prevent terrorist being used invade or intimidate civil liberties. Beside there, the brain scanning is scanning the honesty of an individuals subconscious. According researchers told that the brain scans already used in United States and also used by British police to determine who are lying to invade their country, so research finding that certain regions of the brain become more active when a person lies, they also used it to plan a crime to commit yet. On the other hand, the government also has used this technology to scan human brain who is the terrorist and prevention children being kidnapped. Hence, the brain scans to identify patterns of activity before translating them into meaningful revealing what a person planned to do in the near future. However, using the scanner could look around the brain for the information and read out something that who are not tells true. Conversely, using brain scanning also have some p roblem as a forecast the persons intention with 70% accuracy, it have been compromised when it scans person because it appeared to be fatigued. Retinal scanning The retinal scanning is used to map the inimitable patterns of a persons retina; it is located in the following part of the eyes. Beside there, it also complex structure to supply the retina with blood, the retina is unique for each person. Retinal scanners are typically used for authentication and identification point. It always used in the highest level of security, such as militaries, airports, power plants and the other mainly areas. It also has been utilized by several government including FBI and CIA. As a result, every countries government has installed the full body scanners of retinal scanning in major international airports. It would have detected any solid especially is the explosives strapped to terrorists body, so the full body scanners could be prevented the terrorist who tried to blow up airport Conversely, using retinal scanning also have some disadvantages, that is it can be quite expensive to install because the retinal scanner who are installed will be spent a lot of money. On the other disadvantage is it can be considered an invasion of privacy as a retina may indicate any health problem, for example it can scan all solid that included civil of country. The third and four disadvantages is considered intrusive and making inconvenient. However, it also the reason why retina scans technology has mostly been used for high-risk security places where it believed the extra security provided by retina scanner is desirable. Regarding most of the students opinion, they were considered vigorously that the United Nations is responsible to control and prevent terrorism effectively. Therefore, some of the students suggested that the Ministry of National Defense might manufacture some novel technology weapons to counter terrorism so that could protect civilians. They also thought that our country need to some severe laws to prevent invader. Chapter5 Conclusion Regarding the matter of increasing terrorists case in the world, we would suggest that governments from all over the world should spend more in tightening the security of the particular country and also to spend more on tracking the terrorist activities around the world. This can help to keep the terrorist activities to the minimal level. After adopt the introducing of the terrorism, we can know that terrorist is categories into six types of terrorists. Any type of the terrorism got different ways to affect the countries. Therefore, we should use the suitable way to counter the right type of terrorism. There have six reasons of the human issue that cause the terrorism happened. These human issues let the world become more and more confusion. Actually these issues can be solved with effectively way by us and also the country, especially by controlling ours mind and actions. Nowadays, there are still many concept of preventing technologies in the world. These technologies still investigate by preventer. These technologies can help to prevent terrorism in the future. Nowadays, finger print scanning, brain scanning and retinal scanning is the best way to prevent terrorists from entering a country. After that, when have terrorism happened in a country, then the country will use digital sharing data sent to other countries in the world. Overall, the best way to guard against terrorism is to have no enemies and the cause of social violence is accumulated social stress. Chapter6 Recommendation We think that some powerful country maybe make a Super Missile in the future when they were research for preventing terrorism. The super missile can scan all substance and then launch the missile when somebody aggress their country. We have fabricated a weapon; the name is all-round scout machine car. It can be tracked the suspicious of the people and arrest them. It function include fluoroscopy anything to ensure if it exist any danger and it also can demolish the bomb to cut down the harmful to people. A government of country should know what make terrorism happen. For example: Is it politic problem? Does the government fairly deal with people? Actually, high technology for preventing terrorism is still limited for us. Actually, we cannot totally prevent terrorism but we can decrease terrorism happen. Not only use technology but also need peoples cooperation to decrease it.

The Cost of Equal Opportunity: An in Depth Look at the College Tuition

The idea of freedom and equal opportunity that America was built on has sadly been lost and replaced with a system of quality education only being accessible by the wealthy. In-state college tuition should be free for all students meeting admission requirements, allowing students from the full spectrum of economic backgrounds to have the same opportunity to receive the same education. The incidence of poverty in the U.S. is directly linked to educational level. When a college degree is earned, income levels rise (College Board). The best use of federal government anti-poverty funds is not another welfare or assistance program; it is to make college education affordable for everyone. A high school education is no longer sufficient to succeed in America’s increasingly complex economy. However, because of the high price point of a college education, far too many Americans are unable to afford education beyond high school. As shown in the graph below, the higher level of education received greatly increases the chances for employment and also dramatically increases the average salary potential of an individual. (College Board) With more Americans falling to the lower middle class, (Curtis) action needs to be taken to ensure that young Americans are not priced out of college because the price of tuition is so high. In addition, many of our top private universities are in danger of being accessible only to those from the most affluent families. With the total price tag of a bachelor's degree from a top-tier U.S. College or university hovering around $150,000, even some of the most highly sought-after high school graduates are turning down universities like Yale and Stanford in favor of more economical options -- com... ...ebruary, 2010. 6 May, 2012. Woodruff, Mandi. â€Å"Even a PhD Couldn't Keep This Man Off Food Stamps.† Business Insider. 9 May, 2012. 11 May, 2012. Murray, Sara. â€Å"Numbers On Welfare See Sharp Increase.† The Wall Street Journal. 22 Jun. 2009. 20 May. 2012. Curtis, Jack. â€Å"America's Sinking Middle Class.† American Thinker. 5 Apr. 2010. 19 May. 2012. Lucas, Fred. â€Å"Obama Will Spend More on Welfare in the Next Year Than Bush Spent on Entire Iraq War, Study Reveals.† CNS News. 22 Sep. 2009. 19 May. 2012.

Ballad of Birmingham :: Ballad of Birmingham Essays

Ballad of Birmingham In the poem Ballad of Birmingham, by Dudley Randall, written in 1969, Mr. Randall uses of irony to describes the events of the mothers decision, and also her concern for the welfare of her darling little child. It seems odd that this child would even know what a freedom march is, but this would be considered normal back in the early 1960's, when Mr. Martin Luther King Jr. had rallies and freedom marches to free the African American people from discrimination and segregation (Hunter 6). It also seems very ironic that the young child is acting like an adult in this particular situation (Hunter 12). I think the mother would be the one who would want to got to the march to free her people, not the child. In the poem "Ballad of Birmingham", by Dudley Randall, written in 1969, Mr. Randall uses tone and irony to describe the events of the mothers decisions, and as well as her concern for her child's well being. In the first stanza irony is used in order to make reading the poem more interesting. The situation in this first stanza is also very important. The little child is in a desperate situation and wants to help better the lives of the African Americans. Randall also focuses on specific culture here. The speaker is allowing the reader to make a mental picture of one specific march in Birmingham (Hunter 17). But, you know as well as I, that with peace marches and rallies comes violence and hostility. This is exactly what the little girls mother is afraid of, this is why she will not let her go to the march. It also seems weird that her mother is so sure that going to church, instead of going to the march, will be the best thing for her. (Hunter 19-20). Typically, a church is to be a very safe and sacred place where no-one would imagine a bombing or any other type of violence to happen. What is ironic about this is that going to church turns out to be the worst place for her to be (Hunter 21). Something else that strikes me funny is that her mother dresses her in her daughter in her best clothes to go to church with her. What is ironic here is that she ended up wearing them to her funeral instead (Hunter 26). There is also a shift in dialogue here in the fifth stanza(Hunter 27). Here the narrator starts to take over. The narrator's tone shows the reader the pride and

Low Visibility Essay

The short story â€Å"Low Visibility† by Margaret Murphy is a fictional story, which deals with many topics, such as violence, love, hate, oppression, and right and wrong and the story is told by an un ­instructed and omniscient 3. person narrator who tells the story as it unfolds. The plot takes off in medias res as we are thrown into a scene where Laura’s husband John is watch ­ing television without any introduction. The structure in the story lets us jump a bit back and forth between two settings, as we are shown what is happening in the streets though Johns television, while we are also following the main characters in the apartment. So the story unfolds two places: the streets and John and Laura’s apartment. The setting shows that Laura and John does not have a lot of money, and are probably low class or low middle class because they live in an apartment above a shop, which is not normally a location those people would choose to live. There is also smaller details that support this, like the fact that John wears boots inside, and John feels that his wife should not be trusted with anything of value, which might be an indication that they don’t really have many things of value. The title â€Å"Low Visibility† is a synonymous of Laura. She does not have anything to say at home, and she is John submissive. Margaret Murphy plays on this pun, by letting Laura feel invisible to her very filling husband, John. At the end of the story, Laura walks outside and joins the people of low visibility. Thereby she gets over John, and she does not want him to be a part of her life any more. Margaret Murphy shows this by now referring to her by her real name. We don’t hear a lot of factual stuff about Laura, how she looks and so on, but we do know a lot about her character. She used to be a happy, out going person and now her husband has squeezed the spirits out her( P.8 l.19-24). Laura is now a humble, nervous, humourless, unhappy and very submissive person: â€Å"Better that he hurt her absent-mindedly, as a man might puncture and tear at the rim of a polystyrene cup. It comforts her that there is no malice in it. She has learned to find solace in small things.(p. 9 l. 49-51) From this, it is obvious that their marriage is deeply dysfunctional. â€Å" People say he’s light on his feet for a big man, but he never was so with her. When he walked all over her, she felt it.†(P. l. 105-106). The sentence clearly describes their marriage pretty much. He doesn’t know how to love and she can’t stand up for herself. When he is described as a big man, it also symbolizes how he is both verbally and physically abusive and more in control than her. John as young he was always the outsider. The sort of person who always slouched at the edge of a group, eager to be a part of it, but never really was accepted and respected by the others. And exactly this depressing role was the reason for his and Laura’s marriage in the first place. She wanted to help him, to teach him how to interact with others socially. And he was hoping for about the same; that her popularity would make him popular too: â€Å"He thought that her good humour would seep into him, breaching the walls of his defences, that happiness was something that could be absorbed, as a plant takes in water, by osmosis.†(P. 8 l.19-22) Yet it did not work out the way they planned. He simply didn’t have the abilities: â€Å"He hadn’t the in ­telligence for wit or the disposition for contentment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( P. 22-24) The masses in the street are revolting because of some sort of oppression even though it is not said directly in the text what they are protesting against, and like he doesn’t have the intelligence to un ­derstand his wife, neither does he understand the people in the street:†What are they protesting about?’ John demands. â€Å"Their own shitty lives?’’(p. 8 l. 14). The riots are like Laura, just in a big ­ger scale. Because John does not understand this, he goes down to the store to fight off all of the looters, to strangle their protest like he strangled her spirit, but when he is beaten up and is lying on the ground, Laura sees that he is just a man, a man who feels afraid. Laura realizes that a person has ability to change. She is revived. â€Å"She feels herself returning – the particles of herself that her hus ­band caused to flee are returning into her† (P12 l. 161-163). She considers killing him with a brick, but chooses the Tigers Eye instead which is placed in her other hand. The Tigers Eye symbolizes that she is focus, patience like a tiger who concentrates on its desire. In this case, Laura’s desire is to be free. The most important is the importance of fighting for your rights and freedom. Laura’s marriage has reduced her to a simple object with no liberty or human rights. As the story however approaches, she realizes that she will have to stand up against her husband, if she wants the situation changed. When Laura walks away, she walks away to be invisible again, to join the invisible people (P. 12 l. 173). She fight oppression and changed the situation, like it is naturally to fight oppression. Some ­times you need a little push like Laura did, but essentially it is inevitable. It secures human survival, and it secured her mental survival. â€Å"A window explodes behind her, sending cascades of glass, mu ­sical, deadly, to the pavement. Laura is unharmed† (P. 12 l .78)

Whales in Captivity

Killer Whales Deserve Freedom Kimberly Hall COM 155 November 27, 2011 Mara Galvez Killer Whales Deserve Freedom Orcas are complex social creatures deserving freedom and respect, not captivity in theme parks under the guise of public education and entertainment. Aquarium staffs say captive whales are priceless educational tools. However, people can educate their children by bringing them to the wild instead of bringing the wild to them at the expense of the Orcas health and well-being. The price of a family admission ticket is what continues to drive this cruel spectacle,† according to Michael O' Sullivan, the Executive Director of The Humane Society of Canada (Whales in Captivity, 2010, Para. 3). Orcas suffer in many ways in captivity, and are subject to many stressful situations they would never encounter in the wild. Captivity changes not only their mental state but also their physical appearance. One of the most salient physical effects of captivity is dorsal fin disfigurati on.In the captive population, almost every male has a flopped dorsal fin, and most females have at least some bend to their dorsal. In the wild, male dorsal fins can exceed heights of six feet straight up. The best theory is that the dorsal fin flops from the force of gravity. Dorsal fins are made of cartilage, not bone. Orcas are one of the fastest mammals in the sea; they can reach speeds up to 30 miles per hour. Orcas can dive underwater to depths of close to 200 feet. When diving, the animal’s heart rate slows from 60 beats per minute to 30 beats per minute.Meanwhile, oxygen-carrying blood diverts away from the extremities, and then navigates toward the heart, lungs, and brain, where there is more oxygen needed. These biological changes permit the animal to conserve oxygen while submerged for longer periods of time (About Orcas – Physical Characteristics, 2005). In the wild Orcas have support from the water, keeping their dorsal erect. In captivity, Orcas are at th e surface constantly for feeding, training, and petting purposes, and swim only in circles so there is very little dorsal support, thus causing the dorsal to flop [ (Bohn, 2011) ].Orcas in captivity suffer from more than just physical imperfections. Dosed with drugs to help the killer whales deal with stress, they suffer terribly in marine parks. Animals and humans share the same immune system. Just as stress reduces our immune system, it does the same to the killer whale. Therefore, stress has been an indirect cause of death in captive killer whales. Killer whales in captivity experiencing stress tend to beat their head against the walls of their tanks until it bleeds. At least three captive whales have killed themselves with this repetitive motion brought on by stress.Have you ever heard of this happening in the wild? Not only does it not happen, an Orca in the wild would never bring bodily harm upon itself. Denial of their right to live in their true habitat where they belong cau ses the killer whales much stress, frustration, anxiety, and sadly aggression. In the wild Orcas, do not attack humans as they have in marine parks. As Barry (2010, Para, 12) explained, â€Å"Isolation among marine animals is highly stressful, which leads to abnormal behavior. † Marine parks such as Sea World have what they call petting pods, where the children can pet and feed the Orcas.Orcas are given tranquilizers to help them deal with the stress and anxiety of human contact. People might not be so eager to pet these wild mammals if they knew everything the Orca had to go through just so they could pet them for a minute or two. (Smith, 2010) Along with the stress of living in a marine park, Orcas suffer extreme stress being away from their family members. In the wild Orcas travel with their family (pods) that range anywhere from five to 25 family members (Orcas). Orcas families are very close knit. They mostly travel in pods that include their parents, grandparents, child ren, etc.Taking the Orca away from their family causes them much stress, anxiety, and depression. In the wild, their offspring stay with them and travel with them. Orcas, related by blood, remain together for the duration of their lives. In captivity, the aquarium staff removes their offspring (calves) from them at a very young age. For Orcas, known to be the one mammal that is closest to the human race as far as family, feelings, and social behaviors, it would be equivalent to a human being removed from their family to never see them again, to never speak to them again. Smith, 2010) In the wild, Orcas have constant communication with their pods (family). To communicate with their pods (family) in the wild Orcas use echolocation. Mandell (2010) describes echolocation as, â€Å"The process of moving air between the sinuses in their heads to make high-pitched sound (p. 2). The vibrations travel underwater until they encounter objects and then rebound back creating audible tones the w hales use for navigation. Their sound waves go so far that they never come back to the Orca who sent it. What comes back is the voice (sound waves) of another Orca (family member).In captivity, these high-pitched sounds can only travel to the wall of the tank and bounce back. Thus, causing the sound (the Orcas own voice) to bounce back and forth repeatedly which in time can drive a killer whale insane. It would be equivalent to keeping a human in a room, in solitary, who is constantly hearing voices. Being isolated in a small tank (approximately the size of two Orcas), splashing spectators with your tail, and doing tricks several times a day for years would make any species go crazy. I agree that watching magnificent Orcas performing tricks with a human trainer is not educational.Unfortunately, watching one snap and kill a trainer is educational, but only if the lesson changes the minds and actions of its captors. Orcas are complex social creatures deserving of freedom and respect. There are currently 42 killer whales in captivity worldwide. Out of the 194 killer whales in captivity since 1964, two-thirds died within 10 years, and less than 30 survived longer than 20 years in captivity [ (Mandell, 2010) ]. To keep them in captivity disguised under education and entertainment is nothing more than cruel and unusual treatment.They suffer physically, socially and mentally. Captivity is more detrimental to the welfare of the Orca than the wild could ever be. Watching Orcas in their natural habitat is far more educational than watching them perform tricks in a marine park. [ (Santich, 2010) ] OR [ (Orlando, 2011) ] YOU DECIDE References About Orcas – Physical Characteristics. (2005). Retrieved December 7, 2011, from orca-zone: http://www. orca-zone. com/aboutorcas/index. html Barry, J. (2010, August 26). Killer is prized, feared, stressed: Life won't change much for Tilikum, the orca that drowned a trainer at Seaworld.St Petersburg Times . St Petersburg, FL, United States. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/264384772/1338068E48F8B67489/1? accountid=35812 Bohn, G. (2011, November 28). Killer whales and captivity; What threat, if any, does life in the aquarium bubble pose to the health of these giant sea mammals. The Edmonton Journal . Edmonton, Alta, Canada. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/251763683/133805C5287EFA914D/1? accountid=35812 Mandell, M. (2010, June 29).Short history on killer whales. Bergen County, N. J, United States. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/365980652? accountid=35812 Orlando, S. W. Orca Collapsed Dorsal Fin. (picture). Captive orcas. Sea World Orlando, Orlando. Retrieved from http://pediaview. com/openpedia/Captive_orcas Santich, K. Free Willy? Conservationists say this is how orcas should live — in the wild. SeaWorld tragedy — a reminder of why orcas should swim free? Whale and Dolphin Co nservation Society. (picture) Retrieved from http://blogs. orlandosentinel. om/changetheworld/2010/02/a-tragic-reminder-of-why-killer-whales-should-not-live-at-marine-parks. html/orcinus_orca_5 Smith, J. (2010, June 11). Captive Killer Whales. The Ecologist . United Kingdom. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/234920905/1338063BFFA6E62ABF8/1? accountid=35812 Whales in Captivity – Spectacularly Cruel – says Humane Society of Canada. (2010, July 1). The Canada Newswire . Ottawa, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/455947023/133806FC22464623DC8/6? accountid=35812

France’s chemical giant

DrumheadIn 1995 Fisons plc was acquired by Pennsylvania-based Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc. , in bend entirely owned by France ‘s chemical giant Rhone-Poulenc S.A. Though its position among the universe ‘s pharmaceutical companies was later subsumed in beds of corporate ownership, Fisons had boasted a history of more than 300 old ages in concern before its dismantlement. Founded as a flour factory in the late eighteenth century, it rapidly developed into one of the universe ‘s largest fertiliser manufacturers. As the fertiliser market matured into a low-profit trade good over the class of the twentieth century, the company diversified into horticultural merchandises, pharmaceuticals, and scientific instruments. In the mid-1980s, Fisons divested its fertiliser involvements to concentrate on the extremely profitable medical side of the concern. By 1993 the company was the universe ‘s third-largest maker of scientific instruments and ranked among the universe ‘ s 60 largest pharmaceutical concerns. Fisons ‘ weak research and development attempts and unequal selling attempts, nevertheless, led to one-year losingss and a steep diminution in its stock monetary value mid-decade. The British company tried to contend off the progresss of its Franco-American rival, but relinquished ownership in the autumn of 1995. Fisons plc began as a flour factory and bakeshop founded by James Fisons in Barningham, England, in the late eighteenth century. In 1789 a boy, besides named James, started a maltings concern that expanded into Stowmarket and Thetford, two river towns that helped the household concerns expand. James Fison and Sons was formed in 1808, and by 1840 the house was entering & A ; lb ; 100,000 in one-year gross revenues. Subsequently that decennary, the household entered the underdeveloped field of fertilisers and moved the concern ‘s central office to Ipswich. Within a few old ages, Fisons had built a manure plant and was bring forthing its ain sulphuric acid. As fertilisers became the company ‘s primary concern, pesticides based on sulfurs were added to the merchandise mix. In 1895 the company was split into two parts: James Fison and Sons and Joseph Fison and Co. During World War I, Fisons helped do explosives, but the company returned to fertilizer by the terminal of the war to buoy dwindling nutrient production. When fertiliser monetary values plunged after the war, the two Fison companies, along with two others with which they had late merged, were reunited to organize Fison, Packard, Prentice and Co. ( Fisons ) in 1929. During the 1930s, Fisons began to spread out through acquisitions. The company ‘s most important add-on was the Anglo-Continental Guano Works Ltd. , which doubled the size of Fisons. Anglo-Continental was a budding pudding stone with a pharmaceutical subordinate, Genatosan ; Fisons was therefore brought into that moneymaking market. Fisons ‘ acquisitions continued throughout the 1930s, and by 1939, with 39 subordinates, it was the largest fertiliser company in Great Britain. During World War II Fisons felt the force per unit area of both a manpower deficit and increased demand for fertilisers. Some of the company ‘s fabrication workss were bombed every bit good. The company name was shortened to Fisons Ltd. for marketing lucidity in 1942, and it emerged from the war with about two-thirds of Great Britain ‘s fertiliser market. Fisons made more acquisitions after the war ‘s terminal, first buying Wiffen and Son, a all right chemicals maker. The new subordinate became portion of Fisons ‘s chemicals and biologicals division, headed by Genatosan. The Wiffen acquisition included the Loughborough Glass Company, which would subsequently develop into Fisons ‘s Scientific Equipment division. The purchase of Pest Control Limited during the 1950s brought Fisons into agrochemicals, a market that was closely related to the fertiliser concern. Fisons hoped to capitalise on the two Fieldss ‘ common research, development, and distribution methods. In 1968 research workers at Genatosan discovered disodium cromoglycate ( DSCG ) , which was developed as the branded anti-allergenic Intal. The drug differed from its rivals because it was a contraceptive, whereas others were taken after the oncoming of allergic symptoms. Intal gross revenues boosted the pharmaceutical division ‘s net incomes from & A ; lb ; 1.14 million in 1968 to & A ; lb ; 2.43 million in 1970 and & A ; lb ; 5.6 million in 1973. By 1971 Fisons had organized its many subordinates into four divisions: Fertilizers, Agrochemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Scientific Equipment. The company developed these primary concerns through acquisitions every bit good as merchandise and market enlargement. Acquisitions were focused geographically in Europe, Australia, and the United States. Fertilizers contributed 50 per centum of the pudding stone ‘s one-year gross revenues at that clip, and Fisons fought to keep a competitory border in Great Britain ‘s fertiliser market: 80 per centum of the division ‘s gross revenues were in its place state. However, the supply side of this division was hamstrung, since its primary ammonium hydroxide provider was besides its primary rival, Imperial Chemical Industries plc. During the first half of the 1970s, Fisons tried to rectify this state of affairs by increasing its majority purchasing in planetary markets, particularly sponsoring Morocco. Morocco increased its monetary values six-fold in 1973, though, and other providers rapidly followed suit. At the same clip, U.K. monetary value controls held fertiliser monetary values below the universe market monetary value for ammonium hydroxide, efficaciously extinguishing Fisons ‘s fertiliser net incomes. Fisons ‘s Agrochemicals group besides ran into problem during the seventiess, when it lost a valuable client, Ciba-Geigy Ltd. Fisons tried to back up this group by increasing capital investings, particularly in the United States. The company besides boosted research and development financess, but since most of this division ‘s attempts focused on making replacements for merchandises that were already on the market, Fisons lacked a strong merchandising suit. During the 1970s, anti-allergens comprised between 60 and 70 per centum of the Pharmaceutical division ‘s gross revenues, but Intal had merely captured 6.1 per centum of the anti-allergy market, which was led by Glaxo ‘s Ventolin. After a decennary of research, the division was covering a serious blow when Fisons decided non to market its new drug, Proxicromil, a replacement to Intal, because it was found to do malignant neoplastic disease in animate beings. With Intal ‘s unrenewable patents set to run out in 1982, the Pharmaceutical division ‘s chances were non good. In 1972 the Scientific Equipment Division was spun off from the Pharmaceutical division, and acquisitions in Germany and Australia, every bit good as the purchase of Britain ‘s Gallenkamp, helped Fisons go Great Britain ‘s top scientific equipment maker. Many of Gallenkamp ‘s contracts were with the authorities, universities, and infirmaries, nevertheless, many of which cut their outgos in the recessive 1970s. Fisons ‘s Horticulture division was separated from the Agrochemical division in 1977. It produced and marketed amateur and professional horticulture merchandises, and its strengths were in peat-based merchandises, particularly the popular and well-established Fisons Gro-Bags — self-contained, nutritionally balanced dirt pokes. The peat operations were extended with a new works in Yorkshire and the acquisition of Howlett ‘s, a company with peat militias in Cumbria and Scotland. Although it was a new focal point for Fisons, gardening was really one of the company ‘s most unafraid concerns by the terminal of the seventiess. It was vertically incorporate and held commanding portions of the markets in which it operated: 50 per centum of the lawn fertiliser market ; 20 per centum of the solid fertiliser market ; 30 per centum of the peat market ; and 12 per centum of Great Britain ‘s weed and pest control concern. Throughout the 1970s, Fisons had gone into debt to do a cloudy reorganisation and shore up up its historical focal point — fertilisers — merely as competition and planetary consolidation in this market eroded net incomes. At the same clip, high involvement rates and rising prices dug into the net incomes Fisons managed to gain through its other operations. By 1980 Fisons ‘s chances looked dim. The Fertilizers division was runing at a loss ; Agrochemicals could non trust to vie with the research and development spendings of bigger rivals ; the Scientific Equipment division was enduring from authorities cutbacks ; gardening was a little, developing concern ; and the Pharmaceuticals division, a primary profit-maker, had all of a sudden lost its lone long-run growing merchandise. Fisons was on the brink of bankruptcy. John Kerridge was promoted to main executive officer ( CEO ) from executive manager in mid-1980 and given the undertaking of change by reversaling Fisons ‘ downward spiral. He began the reformation by cutting costs, shuting down four production units and three farms in the Fertilizer division, so extinguishing more than 1,000 places in the group. Fisons ‘s corporate central offices were moved from high-rent London back to Ipswich, and economizations were made in the Scientific Equipment division every bit good. Kerridge ‘s most cardinal alteration was the sale of the Fertilizer division to Norsk Hydro a.s. in 1982 for & A ; lb ; 59 million. The divestment was a extremist alteration for Fisons and involved the disposal of what had been the foundation of the company for more than a century, every bit good as the division with the most gross revenues. The troublesome Agrochemicals division was sold the undermentioned twelvemonth to Schering A.G. for & A ; lb ; 60 milli on. These divestments left Fisons with three primary concerns: Pharmaceuticals, Horticulture, and Scientific Equipment. The pharmaceutical group was expanded with the 1980 purchase of Great Britain ‘s Charnwood Pharmaceuticals, Australia ‘s Orbit Chemical Pty. Ltd. in 1982, and Italy ‘s Intersint in 1983. Great Britain ‘s Weddel Pharmaceutical was acquired in 1983 and merged with Charnwood, which would specialise in generic drugs. Fisons ‘s Horticultural operations grew geographically through a joint venture with Canada ‘s Western Peat Moss in 1980, and the acquisition of Langley Peat North Ltd. of Alberta in 1983. These purchases gave Fisons entree to big peat supplies and the North American market. The British operations were supplanted with the acquisition of Webb and Bees seed operations from Shell Holdings ( U.K. ) Ltd. in the early 1980s. The Scientific Equipment division grew through the add-on of Watson Victor, a New Zealand distributer of research lab equipment, in 1982. Haake-Butler Instruments, of which Fisons owned 67 per centum, was later founded in the United States. Overall, Kerridge ‘s cardinal alterations improved Fisons ‘s balance sheet dramatically ; the corporation went from doing one-year involvement payments of & A ; lb ; 13 million in 1980 to holding no net adoptions in 1983. Fisons was even unafraid plenty to do a successful stock offer of & A ; lb ; 28 million that twelvemonth. The Pharmaceutical division ‘s continued heavy research and development outgos resulted in two new drugs: DSCG-based Opticrom, released in 1984, and Tilade, a new asthma intervention, introduced in 1986. This division acquired Laboratorios Caesen, of Spain, in 1984, and Bracco de Mexico in 1986. Kerridge was made president in 1984, and he clarified the scheme he had been utilizing to turn Fisons around: â€Å" We wish to run in industries of built-in attraction, which have potency for growing and a record of profitableness of successful participants, [ and ] we wish to be in clearly defined concern sections where Fisons can moderately draw a bead on to being an effectual rival by virtuousness of its size and its fiscal and managerial resources. † The company would no longer run on the peripheries of its chosen markets, as it had in the seventiess. For illustration, Fisons concentrated on the gardening and scientific equipment markets, which were non yet consolidated or dominated by a individual powerful company. Fisons hoped to be that company. Fisons burst onto the U.S. market for scientific equipment, which was place to 40 per centum of the universe ‘s research activity, with the acquisition of Curtin Matheson Scientific Inc. ( CMS ) in 1984. CMS was the second-largest distributer of scientific equipment in the United States. Fisons besides purchased United Diagnostics Inc. and Pacific Hemostasis Laboratories Inc. , which were combined with CMS to give the latter fabrication capacity. By the beginning of 1985, Fisons ‘ Scientific division was the third-largest organisation of its type in the universe and the largest outside the United States. Fisons continued to turn, geting in 1985 Murphy Chemical, which helped widen the Horticulture division ‘s portfolio of merchandises, extend selling in Europe and North America, and shore up Fisons ‘s peat supplies. Subsequently in the decennary, the Horticulture division would sell its 50 per centum portion of Asef-Fison B.V. to its joint-venture spouse, DSM Agro Specialties B.V. In 1986 Fisons bought Applied Research Laboratories, a taking maker of scientific equipment with planetary selling capacity, and two old ages later it purchased Union Scientific Limited, a Hong Kong company. Several of import acquisitions were besides made by the Pharmaceutical division in the late eightiess. Italchimici SpA, an Italian house, and Pennwalt Corporation ‘s pharmaceutical division, a U.S. maker of ethical and nonprescription drugs, were purchased in 1988. A Gallic company, Gerbitol S.A. , brought expertness in cardiovascular medical specialty, antibiotics, and dietetic addendums to the division in 1989. In all, with the aid of its important 1980s acquisitions, Fisons ‘s pre-tax net incomes increased by an norm of 56 per centum per twelvemonth to & A ; lb ; 230 million ( US $ 410 million ) . The corporation ‘s market capitalisation rose from & A ; lb ; 40 million in 1980 to & A ; lb ; 3 billion in 1990. The 1990 purchase of VG Instruments, a maker of mass spectrometers and surface analysis instruments, more than doubled Fisons ‘ end product of analytical instruments and catapulted the Scientific Equipment division to the figure three topographic point in the planetary market place. It looked as if Fisons had launched its 2nd back-to-back decennary of growing and prosperity. By the terminal of 1991, nevertheless, it was clear that jobs in the Pharmaceutical division had dragged the full company down. Late that twelvemonth, Fisons revealed that two of its of import new drugs, Opticrom for hay febrility and Imferon for anaemia, had been recalled from the U.S. market after the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) denied blessing of the company ‘s British mills. Harmonizing to a 1992 Economist article, the FDA ‘s everyday cheque of Fisons ‘ U.K. mill revealed warehouses with holes in their outside walls ; hapless record maintaining ; and â€Å" the possibility of gnawer, insect or avian activity in the [ conveyance ] containers. † Fisons ‘s pre-tax net incomes for 1991 dropped 17 per centum to & A ; lb ; 190 million, and the company faced needed investings of more than & A ; lb ; 25 million to convey its British mill up to U.S. criterions. John Kerridge resigned â€Å" on wellness evidences † in mid-January 1992 and was temporarily replaced by Patrick Egan. In April of that twelvemonth, Egan became president, while Cedric Scroggs was selected as main executive officer. The new leaders decided to sharpen Fisons ‘ focal point on pharmaceuticals and scientific equipment by depriving its OTC drug and horticultural concerns. In November 1992, Fisons agreed to sell its North American OTC drug operations to Swiss drug concern Ciba-Geigy Ltd. for & A ; lb ; 92 million ( US $ 60.3 million ) . This section represented about 50 per centum of Fisons ‘s planetary consumer wellness division gross revenues and 40 per centum of that group ‘s net incomes. Egan and Scroggs recognized that the British company lacked the resources and marketing influence necessary to vie in the American consumer drug market. Fisons ‘s new direction forged a joint development and selling understanding with Allergan Inc. , a U.S. ocular company, early in 1993. The agreement called for Fisons ‘ 400 U.S. sales representative to co-market Allergan ‘s ocular drug Acular. The U.S. company ‘s gross revenues force, in bend, would assist market Fisons ‘ ocular intervention Opticrom. The agreement presumed that Opticrom would be re-registered by the FDA. By early 1993, Fisons had made important betterments in its Opticrom mill, but new FDA reviews had still non resulted in blessing tardily in the twelvemonth. Fisons suffered yet another reverse when it suspended development of an asthma medical specialty, tipredane. The company had been banking on the new drug to bolster its core respiratory concern in the late ninetiess. Tipredane had been licensed by Fisons from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and was in the thick of unsuccessful clinical tests in more than a twelve states. The failure of tipredane left Fisons with merely one new drug, remacemide — an epilepsy intervention — in development. In May 1993 Fisons sold its North American gardening concern to a pool led by Macluan Capital Corp. of Vancouver for US $ 60 million in hard currency and used the returns to cut down its debt. Fisons besides planned to sell the balance of its Horticulture division every bit shortly as an chance arose. In July the company sold its consumer wellness merchandises concern in Australia and New Zealand to Warner-Lambert for about US $ 23 million. The sale included the Rosken line of curative skin-care merchandises. Despite Fisons ‘s early 1990s attempts to bolster its pharmaceutical concern, some analysts insisted that the company had neither the research and development strength nor the selling clout necessary to vie in an ethical pharmaceutical concern that demanded frequent find of advanced medical specialties. Industry perceivers anticipated an at hand amalgamation or coup d'etat for Fisons. Those outlooks intensified as Fisons ‘ portion monetary value declined from & A ; lb ; 2.45 in mid-1992 to & A ; lb ; 1.13 by the terminal of 1993. Over the class of the latter twelvemonth, the company ‘s scientific instruments division went & A ; lb ; 16 million into the ruddy. CEO Cedric Scroggs was fired that December, Finance Director Roy Thomas took early ( and presumptively nonvoluntary ) retirement, and Stuart Wallis took the helm of the beat-up house. Throughout the 18 months, Wallis made a valorous and moderately successful attempt to bolster Fisons ‘ stock monetary value. Though the company suffered a loss on 1994, a major reorganisation and divestment plan eliminated at least 1,000 occupations, cut costs, and helped the house ‘s stock monetary value rebound about 75 per centum to & A ; lb ; 1.93 by mid-August 1995. That addition was non plenty to forestall Franco-American rival Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Inc. ( R-PR ) from doing a hostile & A ; lb ; 1.7 billion ( US $ 2.6 billion ) command for control of Fisons on August 18th. Though some analysts thought the offering monetary value, at 16.7 times expected net grosss, was excessively high, CEO Wallis complained to Chemical Marketing Reporter that the monetary value â€Å" significantly undervalues Fisons. † The British company backed up that averment when it reported a 40 per centum addition in net income, to & A ; lb ; 48.6 million, for the first half of 1995. That happy intelligence helped progress the house ‘s stock to & A ; lb ; 2.60 by the terminal of September. In October, R-PR upped its command of & A ; lb ; 2.65 per portion, or US $ 2.9 billion. Unable to happen a more amicable suer, Fisons accepted the coup d'etat that month. Though the British house and its many subordinates around the universe continued to be listed among R-PR ‘s operations through 1996, it shortly became clear that the tri-centenarian entity would finally discontinue to be. Over the class of 1996 and 1997, R-PR slashed about 3,000 excess occupations in the United States and Great Britain, divested several Fisons divisions ( including the scientific instruments concern ) , and discontinued many of the subsumed company ‘s pharmaceutical research and development plans. For its about US $ 3 billion, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer got an main course into the US $ 15 billion and turning respiratory drug market, or more specifically, the respiratory drug bringing section. At the clip of its purchase, Fisons had two promising bringing media in the development grapevine: a non-CFC aerosol and a dry-powder inhalator. Indeed, Fisons probably played a function in an addition in gross revenues and cyberspace at R-PR from 1995 to 1996. Year-over-year grosss increased six per centum, to US $ 5.4 billion, and net grew by about one-third, to US $ 473.5 million. In November 1997, when Rhone-Poulenc acquired the staying tierce of R-PR that it did non already ain, Fisons ‘ destiny appeared sealed. Officials at the company ‘s U.S. and U.K. central offices early in 1998 asserted that Fisons no longer existed, either as a group of subordinates or a division. Question-1Discuss the grounds from the instance and the usage of theory, the stakeholder direction by this organisation ; chiefly its booby traps? Answer: Question-2How would you hold handled this state of affairs ; suggestions to be rationalized with strong theoretical underpinning? Answer: Question-3At the clip of John Kerridge ‘s surrender, what strategic options did Patrick Egan have to steer the company back to its old glorification? Answer: